Periodontal diseases are gum infections that damage the tissues and bone supporting the teeth and can lead to tooth loss if untreated. Dental plaque is the primary cause, especially in genetically susceptible individuals, and daily brushing and flossing prevent most cases.

Adults over 35 lose more teeth to gum disease than to cavities, and most adults are affected at some point. Plaque is a colorless film that forms constantly along the gum line. If not removed, it hardens into tartar, which worsens gum disease.

Risk factors that can accelerate periodontal disease include smoking, diabetes, stress, teeth grinding, certain medications, and poor nutrition.

As plaque bacteria release toxins, gums may become red, swollen, and bleed easily. Over time, gums pull away from the teeth, forming pockets where infection deepens, leading to bone loss and tooth loss.